Kusto Query Language, or KQL, is a read-only request language used to write queries for Azure Data Explorer (ADX), Azure Monitor Log Analytics, Azure Sentinel, and more. The request is stated in plain text, using a data-flow model that is easy to read, author, and automate. In KQL, operators are sequenced by a | (pipe), and the data is …Episode Notes. On this week’s episode, the panel is first joined by Slate’s music critic, Carl Wilson, to puzzle over The Tortured Poets Department, Taylor Swift’s …Query language is what allows us to actually take action on databases. It allows us to create, read, update and delete items on our database, as well as more advanced queries like filtering and counting. Structured Query Language (SQL) is the most famous of the query languages.However, writing a query requires a set of pre-defined code to make the database understand the instruction. This concept is also known as the query language. While the standard language for database management is Structured Query Language (SQL), other query languages to make database communication easy include AQL, …SQL is the programming language used to talk to databases. A SQL query is an expression, similar to an English sentence, that defines the set of data to be retrieved from the database. You can think of a SQL query as a question you sent to the database; after that, you expect the database will respond to the question by sending back the data.QL is a declarative, object-oriented query language that is optimized to enable efficient analysis of hierarchical data structures, in particular, databases representing software artifacts. A database is an organized collection of data. The most commonly used database model is a relational model which stores data in tables and SQL (Structured ...This article outlines the syntax conventions followed in the Kusto Query Language (KQL) and management commands reference documentation. Syntax conventions. Convention Description; Block: String literals to be entered exactly as shown. Italic: Parameters to be provided a value upon use of the function or command. [ ]The following is a the likely timeline for the progression of a formal Graph Query Language Standard (as of November, 2023). 2019-09 – 39075 Database Language GQL project approved - this is the start. 2021-11 – CD Ballot started. 2022-02 – CD Ballot ended and comment resolution started. 2022-08 - CD2 Consultation startedView query properties. From the Queries pane on the left sidebar of Log Analytics, hover over a query name to see its properties.. Favorites. You can identify frequently used queries as favorites to give you quicker access. Select the star next to the query to add it to Favorites.View your favorite queries from the Favorites option in the …What is SQL – The Basics. SQL, or Structured Query Language, is pronounced as the letters S-Q-L or, alternatively, “sequel”. It’s the language that we use to interact with information stored in a relational or SQL-type database. You can also define it as the standard language for relational database management systems (RDBMSs).This article describes the basics of the query language and its capabilities. Recall that the center of Azure Digital Twins is the twin graph, constructed from digital twins and relationships. This graph can be queried to get information about the digital twins and relationships it contains. These queries are written in a custom SQL-like query ...A query language, also known as data query language or database query language (DQL), is a computer language used to make queries in databases and information systems. In database systems, query languages rely on strict theory to retrieve information. A well known example is the Structured … See moreNote that the Power Query formula language is case sensitive. Each query formula step builds upon a previous step by referring to a step by its variable name. Output a query formula step using the in statement. Generally, the last query step is used as the in final data set result. To learn more about expressions and values, go to Expressions ...View query properties. From the Queries pane on the left sidebar of Log Analytics, hover over a query name to see its properties.. Favorites. You can identify frequently used queries as favorites to give you quicker access. Select the star next to the query to add it to Favorites.View your favorite queries from the Favorites option in the …Welcome to SQL. SQL, or Structured Query Language, is a language specifically designed for accessing and interacting with databases. It allows users to create tables, modify data, and retrieve information in a fast and efficient manner. SQL is one of the most popular query languages in use today.Dec 12, 2022 · Prompting Is Programming: A Query Language for Large Language Models. Luca Beurer-Kellner, Marc Fischer, Martin Vechev. Large language models have demonstrated outstanding performance on a wide range of tasks such as question answering and code generation. On a high level, given an input, a language model can be used to automatically complete ... Structured Query Language (known as SQL) is a programming language used to interact with a database. Specifically, SQL is used to interact with a Relational Database Management System (RDBMS). In an RDBMS, related tables are connected with relationships that link matching columns known as keys. SQL is almost certainly the most widely used tool ... Các kiểu dữ liệu trong ngôn ngữ SQL, một trong những ngôn ngữ truy vấn phổ biến nhất với các lập trình viên. Ngôn ngữ truy vấn (tiếng Anh: Query language) là tên gọi chung để chỉ các ngôn ngữ máy tính được dùng để tạo các truy vấn trong các cơ sở dữ liệu và các hệ thống thông tin.SQL (Structured Query Language) is a standard language used to store, retrieve, and manipulate data in relational databases. It allows end-users to communicate with databases and perform tasks like creating, updating, and deleting databases. Almost every mid to large-sized organization uses SQL, including Facebook, Microsoft, LinkedIn, and ...Oct 12, 2023. In the vast realm of data management and manipulation, SQL (Structured Query Language) stands as a pivotal tool that has been embraced by developers, data analysts, and businesses ...SQL. Structured Query Language ( SQL) ( / ˌɛsˌkjuːˈɛl / ⓘ S-Q-L, often / ˈsiːkwəl / "sequel" for historical reasons [clarification needed]) [4] [5] is a domain-specific language used to …Mar 28, 2022 · Graph Query Language, or GQL, is a proposed standard that merges similar declarative languages like Cypher, PGQL, and GSQL. Developers create queries by specifying a particular model for a set of ... Note. If you're collecting data from at least one virtual machine, you can work through this exercise in your own environment. For other scenarios, use our demo environment, which includes plenty of sample data.. If you already know how to query in Kusto Query Language (KQL) but need to quickly create useful queries based on …Part 1: Query SQL with Natural Language. First, let’s tackle the easiest of the lot. Let’s create a pipeline that: Accepts a question. Creates a SQL query. Actually … Cypher (query language) Cypher is a declarative graph query language that allows for expressive and efficient data querying in a property graph. [1] Cypher was largely an invention of Andrés Taylor while working for Neo4j, Inc. (formerly Neo Technology) in 2011. [2] Cypher was originally intended to be used with the graph database Neo4j, but ... Step 2 — Querying Individual Fields. At the end of the previous step, you used MongoDB’s find() method to return every document from the peaks collection. A query like this won’t be very useful in practice, though, as it doesn’t filter any documents and always returns the same result set.Structured Query Language is a standard Database language that is used to create, maintain, and retrieve the relational database. In this article, we will discuss this in detail about SQL. Following are some interesting facts about SQL. Let’s focus on that. SQL is case insensitive.The advanced search is the most powerful and flexible way to search for your issues in Jira. You can use the Jira Query Language (JQL) to specify criteria that cannot be defined in the quick or basic searches. For example, you can use the ORDER BY clause in a JQL query to search for issues and display them in an ascending or descending order.The query string “mini-language” is used by the Query string and by the q query string parameter in the search API. The query string is parsed into a series of terms and operators . A term can be a single word — quick or brown — or a phrase, surrounded by double quotes — "quick brown" — which searches for all the words in the phrase, in the …Dec 14, 2020 · What is SQL? Structured Query Language — commonly known as SQL — is a language that is used to define, control, manipulate, and query data held in a relational database. SQL has been widely adopted since it was first developed in the early 1970s, and today it’s the predominant language used to interact with relational database management ... Query DSL. Elasticsearch provides a full Query DSL (Domain Specific Language) based on JSON to define queries. Think of the Query DSL as an AST (Abstract Syntax Tree) of queries, consisting of two types of clauses: Leaf query clauses. Leaf query clauses look for a particular value in a particular field, such as the match, term or range queries.Part 1: Query SQL with Natural Language. First, let’s tackle the easiest of the lot. Let’s create a pipeline that: Accepts a question. Creates a SQL query. Actually …AQL (Assets Query Language) is a language format used in Assets to create search queries for one or more objects. Using AQL, you can return any object or group of objects in Assets in a search, filter objects, modify objects, create custom fields, automations and post-functions, and more.Sep 24, 2023 · SQL, which stands for Structured Query Language, is one of the most well-known and longest-running database languages. It features both data definition and data manipulation languages and allows you to write queries in a database. Specifically, SQL provides a way for you to extract and manage data in a relational database management system. The de facto standard for query languages is SQL. Webopedia Staff . Since 1995, more than 100 tech experts and researchers have kept Webopedia’s definitions, articles, and study guides up to date. For more information on current editorial staff, please visit our About page. Related Articles. VPN (Virtual Private Network)Introduction. Welcome to the Neo4j Cypher ® Manual. Cypher is Neo4j’s declarative query language, allowing users to unlock the full potential of property graph databases. The Cypher Manual aims to be as instructive as possible to readers from a variety of backgrounds and professions, such as developers, administrators, and academic …The advanced search is the most powerful and flexible way to search for your issues in Jira. You can use the Jira Query Language (JQL) to specify criteria that cannot be defined in the quick or basic searches. For example, you can use the ORDER BY clause in a JQL query to search for issues and display them in an ascending or descending order.Kusto Query Language (KQL) is a powerful query language to analyse large volumes of structured, semi structured and unstructured (Free Text) data. It has inbuilt operators and functions that lets you analyse data to find trends, patterns, anomalies, create forecasting, and machine learning. Along with Azure Synapse Data Explorer, other Azure ...View query properties. From the Queries pane on the left sidebar of Log Analytics, hover over a query name to see its properties.. Favorites. You can identify frequently used queries as favorites to give you quicker access. Select the star next to the query to add it to Favorites.View your favorite queries from the Favorites option in the …Cypher is a declarative graph query language that allows for expressive and efficient data querying in a property graph.. Cypher was largely an invention of Andrés Taylor while working for Neo4j, Inc. (formerly Neo Technology) in 2011. Cypher was originally intended to be used with the graph database Neo4j, but was opened up through the openCypher …A query language, also known as data query language or database query language (DQL), is a computer language used to make queries in databases and information systems. In database systems, query languages rely on strict theory to retrieve information. A well known example is the Structured … See moreCQL and ECQL ¶. CQL and ECQL. ¶. CQL (Common Query Language) is a query language created by the OGC for the Catalogue Web Services specification . Unlike the XML-based Filter Encoding language, CQL is written using a familiar text-based syntax. It is thus more readable and better-suited for manual authoring. However, CQL has some … A query language is a specialized programming language for searching and changing the contents of a database. Even though the term originally refers to a sublanguage for only searching (querying) the contents of a database, modern query languages such as SQL are general languages for interacting with the DBMS, including statements for defining and changing the database schema, populating the ... The WMI Query Language (WQL) is a subset of the American National Standards Institute Structured Query Language (ANSI SQL) with minor semantic changes. The following table lists the WQL keywords. Combines two Boolean expressions, and returns TRUE when both expressions are TRUE. Retrieves all instances that are …A query language is a computer programming language used to retrieve and manipulate data from databases. It allows users to communicate with the database …A PRQL query is a linear pipeline of transformations. Each line of the query is a transformation of the previous line’s result. This makes it easy to read, ... I'm also really excited about efforts to create entire new query languages that compile to SQL, like Malloy and PRQL. — Wes McKinney, Creator of Pandas. Structured Query Language (known as SQL) is a programming language used to interact with a database. Specifically, SQL is used to interact with a Relational Database Management System (RDBMS). In an RDBMS, related tables are connected with relationships that link matching columns known as keys. SQL is almost certainly the most widely used tool ... The advanced search is the most powerful and flexible way to search for your issues in Jira. You can use the Jira Query Language (JQL) to specify criteria that cannot be defined in the quick or basic searches. For example, you can use the ORDER BY clause in a JQL query to search for issues and display them in an ascending or descending order. There are 4 modules in this course. In this course, you'll walk through installation steps for installing a text editor, installing MAMP or XAMPP (or equivalent) and creating a MySql Database. You'll learn about single table queries and the basic syntax of the SQL language, as well as database design with multiple tables, foreign keys, and the ... Jul 10, 2017 · Syntax of M. Syntax of this language is simple. it always has two blocks of programming: LET expression block, and IN expression block. Here is the most simple M syntax; let. x=1. in. x. let and in are reserved words. before going even one step further, the first and foremost thing you need to know; SQL. SQL, short for Structured Query Language and often pronounced as "sequel," is the backbone of modern data management. It is the standardized programming language used to interact with relational database management systems (RDBMS). SQL empowers users to store, retrieve, modify, and analyze data in a structured and efficient manner. The de facto standard for query languages is SQL. Webopedia Staff . Since 1995, more than 100 tech experts and researchers have kept Webopedia’s definitions, articles, and study guides up to date. For more information on current editorial staff, please visit our About page. Related Articles. VPN (Virtual Private Network)14.18. Row value constructor syntax. Hibernate uses a powerful query language (HQL) that is similar in appearance to SQL. Compared with SQL, however, HQL is fully object-oriented and understands notions like inheritance, polymorphism and association. 14.1. Case Sensitivity. With the exception of names of Java classes and properties, queries …Oct 12, 2023. In the vast realm of data management and manipulation, SQL (Structured Query Language) stands as a pivotal tool that has been embraced by developers, data analysts, and businesses ...Oct 12, 2023. In the vast realm of data management and manipulation, SQL (Structured Query Language) stands as a pivotal tool that has been embraced by developers, data analysts, and businesses ...Gremlin Query Language. Gremlin is JanusGraph’s query language used to retrieve data from and modify data in the graph. Gremlin is a path-oriented language which succinctly expresses complex graph traversals and mutation operations. Gremlin is a functional language whereby traversal operators are chained together to form path-like expressions. Structured Query Language (SQL) is a standardized programming language that is used to manage relational databases and perform various operations on the data in them. Initially created in the 1970s, SQL is regularly used not only by database administrators but also by developers writing data integration scripts and data analysts looking to set ... However, writing a query requires a set of pre-defined code to make the database understand the instruction. This concept is also known as the query language. While the standard language for database management is Structured Query Language (SQL), other query languages to make database communication easy include AQL, … A query language is a specialized programming language for searching and changing the contents of a database. Even though the term originally refers to a sublanguage for only searching (querying) the contents of a database, modern query languages such as SQL are general languages for interacting with the DBMS, including statements for defining and changing the database schema, populating the ... SQL and KQL are both query languages used in data analysis, but they differ in their application in cybersecurity. SQL has broader use cases beyond cybersecurity, while KQL is primarily used for security-related queries. Data science plays a crucial role in modern cybersecurity, with KQL being increasingly used for this purpose.PromQL is the querying language that is part of Prometheus.In addition to PromQL, Prometheus provides a scraper that fetches metrics from instances (any application providing metrics) and a time series database (TSDB), which stores these metrics over time. This introduction to PromQL will be largely decoupled from specific …Part 1: Query SQL with Natural Language. First, let’s tackle the easiest of the lot. Let’s create a pipeline that: Accepts a question. Creates a SQL query. Actually …Learn HQL (hibernate query language) basics, HQL syntax for various CRUD statements, named and native SQL queries, associations and aggregations etc. with the help of examples. 1. What is HQL. HQL is an object-oriented query language, similar to SQL, but instead of operating on tables and columns, HQL works with persistent objects … A query language for your API. GraphQL is a query language for APIs and a runtime for fulfilling those queries with your existing data. GraphQL provides a complete and understandable description of the data in your API, gives clients the power to ask for exactly what they need and nothing more, makes it easier to evolve APIs over time, and enables powerful developer tools. SQL (Structured Query Language) is a standard language used to store, retrieve, and manipulate data in relational databases. It allows end-users to communicate with databases and perform tasks like creating, updating, and deleting databases. Almost every mid to large-sized organization uses SQL, including Facebook, Microsoft, LinkedIn, and ...Natural Language Processing (NLP) technologies have revolutionized the way we interact with information systems, with a significant focus on converting natural language queries into formal query languages such as SQL. However, less emphasis has been placed on the Corpus Query Language (CQL), a critical tool for linguistic research …The idea of a standalone graph query language to complement SQL was raised by ISO SC32/ WG3 members in early 2017, and is echoed in the GQL manifesto of May 2018. GQL supporters aim to develop a rock-solid next-generation declarative graph query language that builds on the foundations of SQL and integrates proven ideas from …Bazel query language concepts. The Bazel query language is a language of expressions. Every expression evaluates to a partially-ordered set of targets, or equivalently, a graph (DAG) of targets. This is the only datatype. Set and graph refer to the same datatype, but emphasize different aspects of it, for example:Large language models have demonstrated outstanding performance on a wide range of tasks such as question answering and code generation. On a high level, given an input, a language model can be used to automatically complete …Welcome to SQL. SQL, or Structured Query Language, is a language specifically designed for accessing and interacting with databases. It allows users to create tables, modify data, and retrieve information in a fast and efficient manner. SQL is one of the most popular query languages in use today.Yahoo! Query Language. Yahoo! Query Language ( YQL) is an SQL -like query language created by Yahoo! as part of their Developer Network. YQL is designed to retrieve and manipulate data from APIs through a single Web interface, thus allowing mashups that enable developers to create their own applications [1] using Yahoo! Pipes …QL is a declarative, object-oriented query language that is optimized to enable efficient analysis of hierarchical data structures, in particular, databases representing software artifacts. A database is an organized collection of data. The most commonly used database model is a relational model which stores data in tables and SQL (Structured ...Structured Query Language (SQL)¶ Our main purpose is to explore SQL, a standard language for relational database management systems, which include Oracle, Sybase, Microsoft SQL Server, Ingres, etc. SQL is a relatively straightforward language, and it is built on relational logic, which makes it extra useful and easier to learn.Power Query M Language Tutorial And Mastery Query Editor In Power BI | An Overview Power Query Language Flow Best Practices. Conclusion. The Power Query Editor is a powerful tool when performing data transformations. Once you understand its basic concepts, it’ll be easier for you to convert your raw data into more meaningful information.A query language, also known as data query language or database query language (DQL), is a computer language used to make queries in databases and information systems. In database systems, query languages rely on strict theory to retrieve information. A well known example is the Structured … See morePower Query M formula language. In any data transformation scenario, there are some transformations that can't be done in the best way by using the graphical editor. Some of these transformations might require special configurations and settings that the graphical interface doesn't currently support.Structured Query Language (SQL) is a widely-used programming language for working with relational databases. The name of the language is generally pronounced as the three letters of its abbreviation ˈɛs kjuː ˈɛl or, in some people's usage, as ˈsiːkwəl.. This Wikibook provides a short description of SQL, its origins, basic concepts and … Introduction to SQL language. SQL is a programming language designed to manage data stored in a relational database management system (RDBMS). SQL stands for the structured query language. It is pronounced as /ˈɛs kjuː ˈɛl/ or /ˈsiːkwəl/. SQL consists of a data definition language, data manipulation language, and a data control language. Natural Language Processing (NLP) technologies have revolutionized the way we interact with information systems, with a significant focus on converting natural language queries into formal query languages such as SQL. However, less emphasis has been placed on the Corpus Query Language (CQL), a critical tool for linguistic research … A fourth-generation programming language ( 4GL) is a high-level computer programming language that belongs to a class of languages envisioned as an advancement upon third-generation programming languages (3GL). Each of the programming language generations aims to provide a higher level of abstraction of the internal computer hardware details ... Structured Query Language (SQL)¶ Our main purpose is to explore SQL, a standard language for relational database management systems, which include Oracle, Sybase, Microsoft SQL Server, Ingres, etc. SQL is a relatively straightforward language, and it is built on relational logic, which makes it extra useful and easier to learn. SQL. Structured Query Language ( SQL) ( / ˌɛsˌkjuːˈɛl / ⓘ S-Q-L, often / ˈsiːkwəl / "sequel" for historical reasons [clarification needed]) [4] [5] is a domain-specific language used to … SQL (pronounced interchangeably as “sequel” and “S-Q-L” in the industry) is a query language that allows coders to find, change or otherwise manipulate information in relational databases. SQL’s utility and easy to learn syntax have long cemented it as a standard language for back end developers and data scientists. 04/30/2021. By Codecademy Team. The term SQL stands for Structured Query Language. A query language is a programming language that accesses data stored in relational databases. That term may sound …Query Language. Tore Risch. Reference work entry. 889 Accesses. Download reference work entry PDF. Synonyms. Data manipulation language. Definition. A query language …This week, Jules and Bryan talk to Michael Goodyear about how trademark law is helping queer brands reclaim derogatory language. They dig into Dykes on Bikes …The advanced search is the most powerful and flexible way to search for your issues in Jira. You can use the Jira Query Language (JQL) to specify criteria that cannot be defined in the quick or basic searches. For example, you can use the ORDER BY clause in a JQL query to search for issues and display them in an ascending or descending order.A few words about Cypher. Cypher is like SQL a declarative, textual query language, but for graphs. It consists of clauses, keywords and expressions like predicates and functions, many of which will be familiar (like WHERE, ORDER BY, SKIP LIMIT, AND, p.unitPrice > 10 ). Unlike SQL, Cypher is all about expressing graph patterns.SQL is a standard language for storing, manipulating and retrieving data in databases. Our SQL tutorial will teach you how to use SQL in: MySQL, SQL Server, MS Access, Oracle, …This article describes the basics of the query language and its capabilities. Recall that the center of Azure Digital Twins is the twin graph, constructed from digital twins and relationships. This graph can be queried to get information about the digital twins and relationships it contains. These queries are written in a custom SQL-like query ...
A query language is a specialized programming language for searching and changing the contents of a database. Essentially, a query language is a computer programing language that is used for the purpose of retrieving information or data from a database. Even though the term originally refers to a sublanguage for only searching (querying) the .... Bio links
Kusto Query Language (KQL) is used to write queries in Azure Data Explorer, Azure Monitor Log Analytics, Azure Sentinel, and more. This tutorial is an introduction to the essential KQL operators used to access and analyze your data. For more specific guidance on how to query logs in Azure Monitor, see Get started with log queries.Dec 12, 2022 · Prompting Is Programming: A Query Language for Large Language Models. Luca Beurer-Kellner, Marc Fischer, Martin Vechev. Large language models have demonstrated outstanding performance on a wide range of tasks such as question answering and code generation. On a high level, given an input, a language model can be used to automatically complete ... QL is a declarative, object-oriented query language that is optimized to enable efficient analysis of hierarchical data structures, in particular, databases representing software artifacts. A database is an organized collection of data. The most commonly used database model is a relational model which stores data in tables and SQL (Structured ...Query is a question or requesting information. Query language is a language which is used to retrieve information from a database. Query language is divided into …Nov 21, 2023 · The most commonly used SQL query is a SELECT query, which is an example of Data Query Language. Using a SELECT query, a user can retrieve, filter, and sort data from one or more tables in a database. The de facto standard for query languages is SQL. Webopedia Staff . Since 1995, more than 100 tech experts and researchers have kept Webopedia’s definitions, articles, and study guides up to date. For more information on current editorial staff, please visit our About page. Related Articles. VPN (Virtual Private Network)This repository contains research artifacts for the PLDI'23 paper, Programming Large Language Models. This includes a runtime and IDE for the presented language model query language (LMQL) and the evaluation scripts to produce the results presented in the paper. For general use, please see Getting Started.Cypher is a declarative graph query language that allows for expressive and efficient data querying in a property graph.. Cypher was largely an invention of Andrés Taylor while working for Neo4j, Inc. (formerly Neo Technology) in 2011. Cypher was originally intended to be used with the graph database Neo4j, but was opened up through the openCypher …Elastic Stack 8.11: Introducing a new powerful query language, ES|QL. Elastic® Stack 8.11 introduces data stream lifecycle, a simple way to configure retention and downsampling for data streams (tech preview), plus details about the cross-cluster search response in the Kibana® Inspector and general availability for the reroute ingest processor.A search query language is a syntax used to formulate search queries that retrieve desired information from a database or search engine. It provides a structured …PromQL is the querying language that is part of Prometheus.In addition to PromQL, Prometheus provides a scraper that fetches metrics from instances (any application providing metrics) and a time series database (TSDB), which stores these metrics over time. This introduction to PromQL will be largely decoupled from specific … Structured Query Language (SQL) is a standardized programming language that is used to manage relational databases and perform various operations on the data in them. Initially created in the 1970s, SQL is regularly used not only by database administrators but also by developers writing data integration scripts and data analysts looking to set ... SQL (Structured Query Language) is a programming language used to query and manipulate data stored in relational databases.The language is becoming increasingly popular as we find more and more ways to use data. Last year, SQL was the third most popular programming language used by developers who responded to Stack …SQL (Structured Query Language) is a standard language used to store, retrieve, and manipulate data in relational databases. It allows end-users to communicate with databases and perform tasks like creating, updating, and deleting databases. Almost every mid to large-sized organization uses SQL, including Facebook, Microsoft, LinkedIn, and ...However, writing a query requires a set of pre-defined code to make the database understand the instruction. This concept is also known as the query language. While the standard language for database management is Structured Query Language (SQL), other query languages to make database communication easy include AQL, …In order of importance: Only reference tables whose data is needed by the query. For example, when using the union operator with wildcard table references, it is better from a performance point-of-view to only reference a handful of tables, instead of using a wildcard (*) to reference all tables and then filter data out using a predicate on ….